Anemia
Anemia is a condition of a blood disorder. In which blood does not have healthy red blood cells in the body. In this condition, blood does not carry oxygen due to the reduction in hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is an essential protein that carries oxygen and is mostly present in red blood cells. Without healthy red blood, the body does not function properly on account of the lack of production of hemoglobin. The insufficient amount of oxygen in the body causes several problems in the body, including weakness, problems with breathing, tiredness and many more. Anemia is classified based on the size of red blood cells, hemoglobin present in each red blood cells and abnormal red blood cells.the size of small RBC is called microlytic anemia, if the size of RBC is large is called macrolytic anemia and they have normal sized called normalytic anemia.
There are several types of anemia. Which are classified based on nutritional factors and inheritance. Some of the most common type of anemia are pernicious anemia, iron deficiency anemia, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia .
Pernicious anemia: pernicious anemia is caused due to deficiency of vitamin B12, which makes red blood cells . The body gets vitamin B12 from green vegetables, meat, eggs and dairy products. Iron deficiency anemia: it is the most common type of anemia. In which blood does not have enough iron to make hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a protein, present in red blood cells to carry oxygen.These red blood cells provide energy to the body. Women have the chance to get this type of anemia during pregnancy. Sickle cell anemia: sickle cell anemia is a genetic disorder. In which red blood cells look like sickle shape . Healthy red blood cells are biconcave disks in shape and easily move in blood vessels, but sickle cell anemia in which sickle shapes do not bend and move easily and blocks the blood flow of healthy cells. Thalassemia: thalassemia is inherited blood disorder. In which hemoglobin protein are insufficient in the red blood cells. This protein carries oxygen and passes to all tissues and organs of the body through red blood cells.
Symptoms
- Tiredness
- Weakness
- Shortness of breath
- Pale or yellowish skin
- Irregular heartbeat
- Dizziness
- Chest pain
- Cold hands and feet
- Headaches
Cause/risk factor
- Dietary deficiency
- Malabsorption
- Blood loss
- Toxins or medications
- Infections
- Iron deficiency
- Vitamin B12 deficiency
- Chronic inflammatory diseases
- Periods of increased need( Pregnancy)
Diagnosis
Hematology department
The peripheral blood is used to diagnose anemia. Make the smear on the slide and stain with Giemsa stain. After the staining technique is completed, then examined under the microscope. 
Histology department
Bone marrow biopsy is the removal of small tissue of the bone marrow from the hip bone and examined under the microscope. Bone marrow is soft tissue. take a small tissue on glass slide and stain it by hematoxylin and eosin stain and examined under microscope.
Reference:
1.https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/
anaemia#causes-of-anaemia
2.https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sickle-cell-anemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355876
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